STUDI POTENSI ASAM LEMAK VOLATIL DARI TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT DENGAN FERMENTASI ANAEROB
Abstract
Palm oil is one of the leading commodities, and Indonesia is one of the largest palm oil producers in the world. Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB) are the solid waste from palm oil industry activities. The cellulose content in EFB can be used as a substrate for anaerobic decomposition to produce volatile fatty acids (VFAs). In this study, chemical pre-processing (NaOH 8% w / V) was used for the delignification of EFB before being processed in anaerobic fermentation. Digested cow manure (DCM) is used as an inoculum. Process optimization to produce VFAs is a challenge because VFAs are intermediate products in the metabolic pathway of anaerobic decomposition towards methane formation. This study examines the potential of VFAs from EFB by varying the temperature against the EFB anaerobic fermentation process to produce VFAs in batch reactors. The temperature variations studied were mesophilic (29 °C) and thermophilic (55 °C) conditions. Empirical molecular formulas can predict VFA potential with a reaction stoichiometric approach. As a result of the calculation, the VFA potential of EFB is 44.5x10-2 mg.mgTS-1. Experiments showed that thermophilic conditions resulted in VFAs 60% higher than mesophilic, as seen from the percent completion of RT reaching 59% and closer to the theoretical potential.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Abdullah, N. and Sulaiman, F. (2013) ‘The Oil Palm Wastes in Malaysia, Biomass Now-Sustainable Growth and Use’, Biomass Now - Sustainable Growth and Use, pp. 75–100.
Achinas, S. and Euverink, G. J. W. (2016) ‘Theoretical analysis of biogas potential prediction from agricultural waste’, Resource-Efficient Technologies, 2(3), pp. 143–147. doi: 10.1016/j.reffit.2016.08.001.
Ajayi-Banji, A. and Rahman, S. (2022) ‘A review of process parameters influence in solid-state anaerobic digestion: Focus on performance stability thresholds’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 167(June), p. 112756. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2022.112756.
APHA-AWWA-WEF (2017) ‘Standard Methods’, in Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences: Second Edition. 23rd ed. Washington, DC, pp. 522–527. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-382165-2.00237-3.
Atasoy, M. et al. (2019) ‘Volatile fatty acids production via mixed culture fermentation: Revealing the link between pH, inoculum type and bacterial composition’, Bioresource Technology, 292(July), p. 121889. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121889.
Babel, S., Fukushi, K. and Sitanrassamee, B. (2004) ‘Effect of acid speciation on solid waste liquefaction in an anaerobic acid digester’, Water Research, 38(9), pp. 2417–2423. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2004.02.005.
Bermúdez-Penabad, N., Kennes, C. and Veiga, M. C. (2017) ‘Anaerobic digestion of tuna waste for the production of volatile fatty acids’, Waste Management, 68, pp. 96–102. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.06.010.
BPS (2022) Statistik Kelapa Sawit Indonesia, Available Online. (n.d.). Badan Pusat Statistik (bps.go.id) (accessed August 14, 2022). Available at: Badan Pusat Statistik (bps.go.id) (Accessed: 14 August 2022).
Chang, S. H. (2014) ‘An overview of empty fruit bunch from oil palm as feedstock for bio-oil production’, Biomass and Bioenergy, 62, pp. 174–181. doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.01.002.
Chiew, Y. L. and Shimada, S. (2013) ‘Current state and environmental impact assessment for utilizing oil palm empty fruit bunches for fuel, fiber and fertilizer - A case study of Malaysia’, Biomass and Bioenergy, 51, pp. 109–124. doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.01.012.
Cho, H. U. et al. (2015) ‘Influence of temperature on volatile fatty acid production and microbial community structure during anaerobic fermentation of microalgae’, Bioresource Technology, 191, pp. 475–480. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.03.009.
Christophe, G. et al. (2012) ‘Production of oils from acetic acid by the oleaginous yeast Cryptococcus curvatus’, Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 167(5), pp. 1270–1279. doi: 10.1007/s12010-011-9507-5.
Eryildiz, B., Lukitawesa and Taherzadeh, M. J. (2020) ‘Effect of pH, substrate loading, oxygen, and methanogens inhibitors on volatile fatty acid (VFA) production from citrus waste by anaerobic digestion’, Bioresource Technology, 302(January), p. 122800. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122800.
Fang, W. et al. (2022) ‘Enhanced volatile fatty acid production from anaerobic fermentation of waste activated sludge by combined sodium citrate and heat pretreatment’, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 10(6), p. 108518. doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2022.108518.
Feng, S. et al. (2022) ‘Volatile fatty acids production from waste streams by anaerobic digestion: A critical review of the roles and application of enzymes’, Bioresource Technology, 359(June), p. 127420. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127420.
Fu, S. et al. (2022) ‘Micro-aeration: an attractive strategy to facilitate anaerobic digestion’, Trends in Biotechnology, pp. 1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.09.008.
Hidaka, T. et al. (2013) ‘Comparative performance of mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestion for high-solid sewage sludge’, Bioresource Technology, 149, pp. 177–183. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.09.033.
Hidaka, T. et al. (2022) ‘Comparative anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge at different temperatures with and without heat pre-treatment’, Chemosphere, 307(P3), p. 135808. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135808.
Li, Z. et al. (2018) ‘Anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge and food waste for hydrogen and VFA production with microbial community analysis’, Waste Management, 78, pp. 789–799. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.06.046.
Liang, T. et al. (2021) ‘Anaerobic fermentation of waste activated sludge for volatile fatty acid production: Recent updates of pretreatment methods and the potential effect of humic and nutrients substances’, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 145, pp. 321–339. doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2020.08.010.
Loke, A. T. T., Dzulkafly, N. S. and A. Rashid, A. (2022) ‘Oil palm empty fruit bunch cellulose fillers as alternative fillers for carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber latex films’, Materials Today: Proceedings, 66, pp. 3092–3096. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.08.009.
Mondylaksita, K. et al. (2021) ‘Enhanced volatile fatty acid production from oil palm empty fruit bunch through acidogenic fermentation—A novel resource recovery strategy for oil palm empty fruit bunch’, Fermentation, 7(4). doi: 10.3390/fermentation7040263.
Nayak, B. K., Pandit, S. and Das, D. (2013) ‘Biohydrogen’, in. Air Pollution Prevention and Control: Bioreactors and Bioenergy. J. Wiley Sons, Chichester, pp. 341–381. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118523360.ch15.
Nieves, D. C., Karimi, K. and Horváth, I. S. (2011) ‘Improvement of biogas production from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB)’, Industrial Crops and Products, 34(1), pp. 1097–1101. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.03.022.
Perera, U. P. et al. (2022) ‘Synthesis and characterization of lignin nanoparticles isolated from oil palm empty fruit bunch and application in biocomposites . Valorisation of industrial biomass wastes , such as oil palm empty fruit bunch ( EFB )’, Sustainable Chemistry for Climate Action, p. 100011. doi: 10.1016/j.scca.2022.100011.
Possente, S. et al. (2022) ‘Volatile fatty acids production from waste rich in carbohydrates: optimization of dark fermentation of pasta by products’, Biochemical Engineering Journal, 189(September), p. 108710. doi: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108710.
Purwandari, F. A. et al. (2013) ‘Pretreatment of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) by N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) for biogas production: Structural changes and digestion improvement’, Bioresource Technology, 128, pp. 461–466. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.10.088.
Rasit, N. et al. (2015) ‘Effects of lipid inhibition on biogas production of anaerobic digestion from oily effluents and sludges: An overview’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 45, pp. 351–358. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.01.066.
Rigolot, C. et al. (2010) ‘Modelling of manure production by pigs and NH3, N2O and CH4 emissions. Part II: Effect of animal housing, manure storage and treatment practices’, Animal, 4(8), pp. 1413–1424. doi: 10.1017/S1751731110000509.
Saravanan, A. et al. (2023) ‘Strategies for enhancing the efficacy of anaerobic digestion of food industry wastewater: An insight into bioreactor types, challenges, and future scope’, Chemosphere, 310(September 2022), p. 136856. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136856.
Savarese, M. et al. (2022) ‘Determinants of palm oil consumption in food products: A systematic review’, Journal of Functional Foods, 96(May), p. 105207. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105207.
Sreekala, M. S., Kumaran, M. G. and Thomas, S. (1997) ‘Oil palm fibers: Morphology, chemical composition, surface modification, and mechanical properties’, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 66(5), pp. 821–835. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19971031)66:5<821::aid-app2>3.0.co;2-x.
Strazzera, G. et al. (2021) ‘Influence of different household Food Wastes Fractions on Volatile Fatty Acids production by anaerobic fermentation’, Bioresource Technology, 335(April), p. 125289. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125289.
Suhartini, S. et al. (2022) ‘Biorefining of oil palm empty fruit bunches for bioethanol and xylitol production in Indonesia: A review’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 154(October 2021), p. 111817. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111817.
Sulaiman, N. S. et al. (2022) ‘Balancing functional and health benefits of food products formulated with palm oil as oil sources’, Heliyon, 8(10), p. e11041. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11041.
Wang, K. et al. (2014) ‘Anaerobic digestion of food waste for volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production with different types of inoculum: Effect of pH’, Bioresource Technology, 161, pp. 395–401. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.088.
Zhang, Q. et al. (2020) ‘Effect of different vegetable wastes on the performance of volatile fatty acids production by anaerobic fermentation’, Science of the Total Environment, 748. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142390.
Achinas, S. and Euverink, G. J. W. (2016) ‘Theoretical analysis of biogas potential prediction from agricultural waste’, Resource-Efficient Technologies, 2(3), pp. 143–147. doi: 10.1016/j.reffit.2016.08.001.
Ajayi-Banji, A. and Rahman, S. (2022) ‘A review of process parameters influence in solid-state anaerobic digestion: Focus on performance stability thresholds’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 167(June), p. 112756. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2022.112756.
APHA-AWWA-WEF (2017) ‘Standard Methods’, in Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences: Second Edition. 23rd ed. Washington, DC, pp. 522–527. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-382165-2.00237-3.
Atasoy, M. et al. (2019) ‘Volatile fatty acids production via mixed culture fermentation: Revealing the link between pH, inoculum type and bacterial composition’, Bioresource Technology, 292(July), p. 121889. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121889.
Babel, S., Fukushi, K. and Sitanrassamee, B. (2004) ‘Effect of acid speciation on solid waste liquefaction in an anaerobic acid digester’, Water Research, 38(9), pp. 2417–2423. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2004.02.005.
Bermúdez-Penabad, N., Kennes, C. and Veiga, M. C. (2017) ‘Anaerobic digestion of tuna waste for the production of volatile fatty acids’, Waste Management, 68, pp. 96–102. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.06.010.
BPS (2022) Statistik Kelapa Sawit Indonesia, Available Online. (n.d.). Badan Pusat Statistik (bps.go.id) (accessed August 14, 2022). Available at: Badan Pusat Statistik (bps.go.id) (Accessed: 14 August 2022).
Chang, S. H. (2014) ‘An overview of empty fruit bunch from oil palm as feedstock for bio-oil production’, Biomass and Bioenergy, 62, pp. 174–181. doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.01.002.
Chiew, Y. L. and Shimada, S. (2013) ‘Current state and environmental impact assessment for utilizing oil palm empty fruit bunches for fuel, fiber and fertilizer - A case study of Malaysia’, Biomass and Bioenergy, 51, pp. 109–124. doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.01.012.
Cho, H. U. et al. (2015) ‘Influence of temperature on volatile fatty acid production and microbial community structure during anaerobic fermentation of microalgae’, Bioresource Technology, 191, pp. 475–480. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.03.009.
Christophe, G. et al. (2012) ‘Production of oils from acetic acid by the oleaginous yeast Cryptococcus curvatus’, Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 167(5), pp. 1270–1279. doi: 10.1007/s12010-011-9507-5.
Eryildiz, B., Lukitawesa and Taherzadeh, M. J. (2020) ‘Effect of pH, substrate loading, oxygen, and methanogens inhibitors on volatile fatty acid (VFA) production from citrus waste by anaerobic digestion’, Bioresource Technology, 302(January), p. 122800. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122800.
Fang, W. et al. (2022) ‘Enhanced volatile fatty acid production from anaerobic fermentation of waste activated sludge by combined sodium citrate and heat pretreatment’, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 10(6), p. 108518. doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2022.108518.
Feng, S. et al. (2022) ‘Volatile fatty acids production from waste streams by anaerobic digestion: A critical review of the roles and application of enzymes’, Bioresource Technology, 359(June), p. 127420. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127420.
Fu, S. et al. (2022) ‘Micro-aeration: an attractive strategy to facilitate anaerobic digestion’, Trends in Biotechnology, pp. 1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.09.008.
Hidaka, T. et al. (2013) ‘Comparative performance of mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestion for high-solid sewage sludge’, Bioresource Technology, 149, pp. 177–183. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.09.033.
Hidaka, T. et al. (2022) ‘Comparative anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge at different temperatures with and without heat pre-treatment’, Chemosphere, 307(P3), p. 135808. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135808.
Li, Z. et al. (2018) ‘Anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge and food waste for hydrogen and VFA production with microbial community analysis’, Waste Management, 78, pp. 789–799. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.06.046.
Liang, T. et al. (2021) ‘Anaerobic fermentation of waste activated sludge for volatile fatty acid production: Recent updates of pretreatment methods and the potential effect of humic and nutrients substances’, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 145, pp. 321–339. doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2020.08.010.
Loke, A. T. T., Dzulkafly, N. S. and A. Rashid, A. (2022) ‘Oil palm empty fruit bunch cellulose fillers as alternative fillers for carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber latex films’, Materials Today: Proceedings, 66, pp. 3092–3096. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.08.009.
Mondylaksita, K. et al. (2021) ‘Enhanced volatile fatty acid production from oil palm empty fruit bunch through acidogenic fermentation—A novel resource recovery strategy for oil palm empty fruit bunch’, Fermentation, 7(4). doi: 10.3390/fermentation7040263.
Nayak, B. K., Pandit, S. and Das, D. (2013) ‘Biohydrogen’, in. Air Pollution Prevention and Control: Bioreactors and Bioenergy. J. Wiley Sons, Chichester, pp. 341–381. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118523360.ch15.
Nieves, D. C., Karimi, K. and Horváth, I. S. (2011) ‘Improvement of biogas production from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB)’, Industrial Crops and Products, 34(1), pp. 1097–1101. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.03.022.
Perera, U. P. et al. (2022) ‘Synthesis and characterization of lignin nanoparticles isolated from oil palm empty fruit bunch and application in biocomposites . Valorisation of industrial biomass wastes , such as oil palm empty fruit bunch ( EFB )’, Sustainable Chemistry for Climate Action, p. 100011. doi: 10.1016/j.scca.2022.100011.
Possente, S. et al. (2022) ‘Volatile fatty acids production from waste rich in carbohydrates: optimization of dark fermentation of pasta by products’, Biochemical Engineering Journal, 189(September), p. 108710. doi: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108710.
Purwandari, F. A. et al. (2013) ‘Pretreatment of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) by N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) for biogas production: Structural changes and digestion improvement’, Bioresource Technology, 128, pp. 461–466. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.10.088.
Rasit, N. et al. (2015) ‘Effects of lipid inhibition on biogas production of anaerobic digestion from oily effluents and sludges: An overview’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 45, pp. 351–358. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.01.066.
Rigolot, C. et al. (2010) ‘Modelling of manure production by pigs and NH3, N2O and CH4 emissions. Part II: Effect of animal housing, manure storage and treatment practices’, Animal, 4(8), pp. 1413–1424. doi: 10.1017/S1751731110000509.
Saravanan, A. et al. (2023) ‘Strategies for enhancing the efficacy of anaerobic digestion of food industry wastewater: An insight into bioreactor types, challenges, and future scope’, Chemosphere, 310(September 2022), p. 136856. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136856.
Savarese, M. et al. (2022) ‘Determinants of palm oil consumption in food products: A systematic review’, Journal of Functional Foods, 96(May), p. 105207. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105207.
Sreekala, M. S., Kumaran, M. G. and Thomas, S. (1997) ‘Oil palm fibers: Morphology, chemical composition, surface modification, and mechanical properties’, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 66(5), pp. 821–835. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19971031)66:5<821::aid-app2>3.0.co;2-x.
Strazzera, G. et al. (2021) ‘Influence of different household Food Wastes Fractions on Volatile Fatty Acids production by anaerobic fermentation’, Bioresource Technology, 335(April), p. 125289. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125289.
Suhartini, S. et al. (2022) ‘Biorefining of oil palm empty fruit bunches for bioethanol and xylitol production in Indonesia: A review’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 154(October 2021), p. 111817. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111817.
Sulaiman, N. S. et al. (2022) ‘Balancing functional and health benefits of food products formulated with palm oil as oil sources’, Heliyon, 8(10), p. e11041. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11041.
Wang, K. et al. (2014) ‘Anaerobic digestion of food waste for volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production with different types of inoculum: Effect of pH’, Bioresource Technology, 161, pp. 395–401. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.088.
Zhang, Q. et al. (2020) ‘Effect of different vegetable wastes on the performance of volatile fatty acids production by anaerobic fermentation’, Science of the Total Environment, 748. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142390.
Published
2023-04-05
How to Cite
Sanjaya, A. (2023). STUDI POTENSI ASAM LEMAK VOLATIL DARI TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT DENGAN FERMENTASI ANAEROB. Inovasi Pembangunan : Jurnal Kelitbangan, 11(01), 45. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35450/jip.v11i01.342
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The Authors submitting a manuscript do so on the understanding that if accepted for publication, copyright of the article shell be assigned to Development Innovation: Jurnal Kelitbangan (JIP) , Balitbangda Provinsi Lampung as publisher of the journal.
Copyright encompasses exclusive rights to reproduce and deliver the article in all form and media, including reprints, photographs, microfilms and any other similar reproductions, as well as translations, the reproduction of any part of this journal, its storeage in databases and its transmission by any form or media. such as electronic, electrostatic and mechanical copies, photocopies, recordings, magnetic media, etc.
