DIPLOMASI PERTAHANAN INDONESIA MELALUI NAVAL DIPLOMACY DAN SEA POWER DI LAUT CINA SELATAN PADA TAHUN 2020
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35450/jip.v11i02.375Keywords:
defense diplomacy, naval diplomacy, sea powerAbstract
The implementation of defense diplomacy specifically in the maritime area is still a problem that lies on diplomacy process within one state. There is still a too-wide understanding of defense diplomacy defense strategy itself in state’s maritime area, especially in the maritime diplomacy. Thus, the implementation of defense diplomacy within maritime area of the state is still inadequate and ineffective. Previous studies show that maritime diplomacy is a strategy within defense diplomacy that is not specific, too wide; involving the only usage of military actors; meanwhile naval diplomacy is one of the defense diplomacy concepts that also involves non-military actors. In completing previous studies, the researcher argues that naval diplomacy is a defense diplomacy concept that is way more effective to be implemented in the maritime area of one state compared to maritime diplomacy. The naval diplomacy is also can be more effective if it is applied in Indonesia’s defense diplomacy. This study specifically pictures the Indonesia’s defense diplomacy strategy within its maritime area that intersects with the South China Sea (SCS) area in which naval diplomacy strategy is used according to Ken Booth. This study uses qualitative method, data are gathered through secondary data including news and previous studies about defense diplomacy. Result of this study is the naval diplomacy and sea power, as one of defense diplomacy concept, is an effective strategy to be applied in Indonesia’s maritime area that intersects with SCS since naval diplomacy also involves negotiation process with the non-state actors. Unfortunately, this strategy is still not effective yet to be implemented in Indonesia back in 2020.Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Agastia, I Gusti Bagus Dharma, 2016. Maritime Security in the Indo-Pacific, 1st ed. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.
Andika, M. T. (2016). An Analysis of Indonesia Foreign Policy under Jokowi’s Pro-People Diplomacy. Indonesian Perspective 1(2), pp. 93-105.
Bela, P. S. (2020). Repositioning Indonesia In the Changing Maritime Landscape of the Indo Pacific Region, Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional, 22(1). pp. 1-25.
Butler, Colin J. (2005) Strategic Alliance UK, Journal, Jan – Feb Edition. Strategic.
Cable, J. (1991). Gunboat Diplomacy, 3rd Ed. pp. 3; Jane’s Defence Weekly (JDW) 15, (2). Change 14: 20–22
Cresswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design, Qualitatives, Quantitative, and Mixed. Methods Approaches (4th Edition). United States of America: Sage.
Djalal, H. (1979). Perjuangan Indonesia di Bidang Hukum Laut. Bandung: Percetakan Ekonomi.
Djalal, H. (2003). Preventive Diplomacy in Southeast Asia: Lessons Learned. Jakarta: The Habibie Center.
Fajrina, A. N., & Roziqin, A. (2020). Geopolitical Studies of the South China Sea: Data and Analysis of Social Media. Jurnal Kajian Lemhannas RI, 8(2).
Flournoy, M., & Brimley, S. (2009). The Contested Commons, US Naval Institute Proceedings, no.7 (2009): pp.20.
Forward..from the Sea (1994). (Newport, Rhode Island: Naval War College Press, 2007). Grove, E. The Discovery of Doctrine, dalam Till, The Development of British Naval Thinking, pp. 187.
Habir, D., Ahmad, et.al. (2014). Normative Priorities and Contradictions in Indonesia’s Foreign Policy: From Wawasan Nusantara to Democracy. Australia: National Security College Issue Brief.
Ilmi, N. (2020). Dampak Penamaan Laut Natuna Utara terhadap Hubungan Bilateral Indonesia Tiongkok. Journal of International Relations. 6(4), pp. 482-490.
Kartika, A. (2019). Indonesia’s Image from China’s Perspective on South China Sea Dispute (A Preliminary Study on China’s Perception on Indonesia.). Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional, 21 (2). Pp.176-197.
Kusumaatmadja, M. (1978). Bunga Rampai: Hukum Laut. Bandung: Bina Cipta. Liou, To-hai. (2001). North Korea’s Diplomatic Strategies in the Post-Cold War Era: Fishing in Troubled Waters. International Journal of Korean Unification Studies, 10(2). Pp.79
Mahan, A. T. (1987). The Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1660-1783. Dover Publication. Malik, M. (2014). Maritime Security in the Indo-Pacific: Perspectives from China, India, and the United States. London: Rowman & Littleffield.
Mandel, R. (1986). The Effectiveness of Gunboat Diplomacy, International Studies Quarterly, 30. pp. 59-76.
Murfett, Malcolm. Gunboat Diplomacy, pp. 85-86.
Nye, Joseph, S. (2004). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: Public Affairs; Nye, Joseph S. (2007). Understanding International Conflicts, 6th Ed. Harlow: Pearson Longman.
Paramasatya, S., & Poespojoedho, W. W. (2019). Naval Diplomacy: Upaya Defensif Indonesia dalam Konflik Laut Tiongkok Selatan di Era Joko Widodo. Jurnal Hubungan Internasional, 12(2), 245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20473/jhi.v12i2.14027.
Quigley, Michael J. (2009). Ships of State. USNI Proceedings, 137, no. 7 (2009): pp. 57. Robertua, V. (2016). Dinamika Konflik Laut Tiongkok Selatan: Confidence-Building Measures vs Hukum Internasional, Verity, 232-252.
Robertua, V., & Sinaga, O. (2017). Indonesia in the South China Sea Dispute: Humble-Hard Power. Global Strategis, 11(2), 73-83.
Rowlands, K. (2012). Decided Preponderance at Sea: Naval Diplomacy in Strategic Thought, Naval War College Review, 65(4), pp.1-14.
Rowlands, K. (2015). Naval Diplomacy in the Post-Cold War Global Order, PhD Thesis: King’s College London: London.
Sargent, R. (2000). Deliberate Force Combat Air Assessments. Dalam Owen, Robert, C. Deliberate Force: A Case Study in Effective Air Campaigning. Maxwell, AI: Air University Press.
Singh, A. (2012). South China Sea Dispute: Regional Issue, Global Concern, Maritime Affairs, Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India, 8(1), pp. 117-118. The Naval Policy Book (1992). From The Sea (1992).
Till, G. (2009). Seapower: A Guide for the Twenty-First Century (2nd edition). London: Routledge.
Widen, J. J. (2011). Naval Diplomacy – a Theoretical Approach. Diplomacy and Statecraft, 22(4). Pp. 715-733.
Yoshihara, Toshi & Holmes, James. Red Star over the Pacific: China’s Rise and the Challenge to US Maritime Strategy. (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press). pp. 149.
Sumber Internet
https://www.iiss.org/blogs/research-paper/2020/12/chinas-rise-as-a-global-security-actor “China’s Rise as A Global Security Actor: Implications for NATO”, diakses pada 11 Januari 2021.
https://theconversation.com/why-indonesias-aggressive-stance-on-china-in-south-china-sea may-fall-short-143536 “Why Indonesia’s aggressive stance on China in South China Sea may fall short?” Chang, Felix. diakses pada 10 Januari 2021.
https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/indonesia-china-south-china-sea-united nations-12847188 ”Why Indonesia is reaffirming its position on the South China Sea and turning down China’s offer for bilateral talks?” diakses pada 11 Januari 2021.
https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance “The Military Balance”, diakses pada 11 Januari 2021.
https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/South-China-Sea/US-rejects-China-s nine-dash-line-in-South-China-Sea “US rejects China’s nine dash line in South China Sea” Moriyasu, Ken., Khan, Wajahat. diakses pada 10 Januari 2021.
https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/South-China-Sea/Indonesian-navy makes-show-of-force-in-South-China-Sea “Indonesian navy makes show of force in South China Sea”, Jibiki, K. diakses pada 10 Januari 2021.
https://www.fpri.org/article/2020/01/the-next-front-china-and-indonesia-in-the-south-china sea/ “The Next Front: China and Indonesia in the South China Sea”, diakses pada 10 Januari 2021.
Xinhua. (2015). China’s Deep-Sea Sub Explores Indian Ocean Seabed. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2015-01/02/c_133892691.htm diakses pada Minggu, 10 Januari 2021.
Andika, M. T. (2016). An Analysis of Indonesia Foreign Policy under Jokowi’s Pro-People Diplomacy. Indonesian Perspective 1(2), pp. 93-105.
Bela, P. S. (2020). Repositioning Indonesia In the Changing Maritime Landscape of the Indo Pacific Region, Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional, 22(1). pp. 1-25.
Butler, Colin J. (2005) Strategic Alliance UK, Journal, Jan – Feb Edition. Strategic.
Cable, J. (1991). Gunboat Diplomacy, 3rd Ed. pp. 3; Jane’s Defence Weekly (JDW) 15, (2). Change 14: 20–22
Cresswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design, Qualitatives, Quantitative, and Mixed. Methods Approaches (4th Edition). United States of America: Sage.
Djalal, H. (1979). Perjuangan Indonesia di Bidang Hukum Laut. Bandung: Percetakan Ekonomi.
Djalal, H. (2003). Preventive Diplomacy in Southeast Asia: Lessons Learned. Jakarta: The Habibie Center.
Fajrina, A. N., & Roziqin, A. (2020). Geopolitical Studies of the South China Sea: Data and Analysis of Social Media. Jurnal Kajian Lemhannas RI, 8(2).
Flournoy, M., & Brimley, S. (2009). The Contested Commons, US Naval Institute Proceedings, no.7 (2009): pp.20.
Forward..from the Sea (1994). (Newport, Rhode Island: Naval War College Press, 2007). Grove, E. The Discovery of Doctrine, dalam Till, The Development of British Naval Thinking, pp. 187.
Habir, D., Ahmad, et.al. (2014). Normative Priorities and Contradictions in Indonesia’s Foreign Policy: From Wawasan Nusantara to Democracy. Australia: National Security College Issue Brief.
Ilmi, N. (2020). Dampak Penamaan Laut Natuna Utara terhadap Hubungan Bilateral Indonesia Tiongkok. Journal of International Relations. 6(4), pp. 482-490.
Kartika, A. (2019). Indonesia’s Image from China’s Perspective on South China Sea Dispute (A Preliminary Study on China’s Perception on Indonesia.). Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional, 21 (2). Pp.176-197.
Kusumaatmadja, M. (1978). Bunga Rampai: Hukum Laut. Bandung: Bina Cipta. Liou, To-hai. (2001). North Korea’s Diplomatic Strategies in the Post-Cold War Era: Fishing in Troubled Waters. International Journal of Korean Unification Studies, 10(2). Pp.79
Mahan, A. T. (1987). The Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1660-1783. Dover Publication. Malik, M. (2014). Maritime Security in the Indo-Pacific: Perspectives from China, India, and the United States. London: Rowman & Littleffield.
Mandel, R. (1986). The Effectiveness of Gunboat Diplomacy, International Studies Quarterly, 30. pp. 59-76.
Murfett, Malcolm. Gunboat Diplomacy, pp. 85-86.
Nye, Joseph, S. (2004). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: Public Affairs; Nye, Joseph S. (2007). Understanding International Conflicts, 6th Ed. Harlow: Pearson Longman.
Paramasatya, S., & Poespojoedho, W. W. (2019). Naval Diplomacy: Upaya Defensif Indonesia dalam Konflik Laut Tiongkok Selatan di Era Joko Widodo. Jurnal Hubungan Internasional, 12(2), 245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20473/jhi.v12i2.14027.
Quigley, Michael J. (2009). Ships of State. USNI Proceedings, 137, no. 7 (2009): pp. 57. Robertua, V. (2016). Dinamika Konflik Laut Tiongkok Selatan: Confidence-Building Measures vs Hukum Internasional, Verity, 232-252.
Robertua, V., & Sinaga, O. (2017). Indonesia in the South China Sea Dispute: Humble-Hard Power. Global Strategis, 11(2), 73-83.
Rowlands, K. (2012). Decided Preponderance at Sea: Naval Diplomacy in Strategic Thought, Naval War College Review, 65(4), pp.1-14.
Rowlands, K. (2015). Naval Diplomacy in the Post-Cold War Global Order, PhD Thesis: King’s College London: London.
Sargent, R. (2000). Deliberate Force Combat Air Assessments. Dalam Owen, Robert, C. Deliberate Force: A Case Study in Effective Air Campaigning. Maxwell, AI: Air University Press.
Singh, A. (2012). South China Sea Dispute: Regional Issue, Global Concern, Maritime Affairs, Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India, 8(1), pp. 117-118. The Naval Policy Book (1992). From The Sea (1992).
Till, G. (2009). Seapower: A Guide for the Twenty-First Century (2nd edition). London: Routledge.
Widen, J. J. (2011). Naval Diplomacy – a Theoretical Approach. Diplomacy and Statecraft, 22(4). Pp. 715-733.
Yoshihara, Toshi & Holmes, James. Red Star over the Pacific: China’s Rise and the Challenge to US Maritime Strategy. (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press). pp. 149.
Sumber Internet
https://www.iiss.org/blogs/research-paper/2020/12/chinas-rise-as-a-global-security-actor “China’s Rise as A Global Security Actor: Implications for NATO”, diakses pada 11 Januari 2021.
https://theconversation.com/why-indonesias-aggressive-stance-on-china-in-south-china-sea may-fall-short-143536 “Why Indonesia’s aggressive stance on China in South China Sea may fall short?” Chang, Felix. diakses pada 10 Januari 2021.
https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/indonesia-china-south-china-sea-united nations-12847188 ”Why Indonesia is reaffirming its position on the South China Sea and turning down China’s offer for bilateral talks?” diakses pada 11 Januari 2021.
https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance “The Military Balance”, diakses pada 11 Januari 2021.
https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/South-China-Sea/US-rejects-China-s nine-dash-line-in-South-China-Sea “US rejects China’s nine dash line in South China Sea” Moriyasu, Ken., Khan, Wajahat. diakses pada 10 Januari 2021.
https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/South-China-Sea/Indonesian-navy makes-show-of-force-in-South-China-Sea “Indonesian navy makes show of force in South China Sea”, Jibiki, K. diakses pada 10 Januari 2021.
https://www.fpri.org/article/2020/01/the-next-front-china-and-indonesia-in-the-south-china sea/ “The Next Front: China and Indonesia in the South China Sea”, diakses pada 10 Januari 2021.
Xinhua. (2015). China’s Deep-Sea Sub Explores Indian Ocean Seabed. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2015-01/02/c_133892691.htm diakses pada Minggu, 10 Januari 2021.
Published
2023-08-01
How to Cite
Lutfi. (2023). DIPLOMASI PERTAHANAN INDONESIA MELALUI NAVAL DIPLOMACY DAN SEA POWER DI LAUT CINA SELATAN PADA TAHUN 2020. Inovasi Pembangunan : Jurnal Kelitbangan, 11(02), 125 - 142. https://doi.org/10.35450/jip.v11i02.375
Issue
Section
Articles
The Authors submitting a manuscript do so on the understanding that if accepted for publication, copyright of the article shell be assigned to Development Innovation: Jurnal Kelitbangan (JIP) , Balitbangda Provinsi Lampung as publisher of the journal.
Copyright encompasses exclusive rights to reproduce and deliver the article in all form and media, including reprints, photographs, microfilms and any other similar reproductions, as well as translations, the reproduction of any part of this journal, its storeage in databases and its transmission by any form or media. such as electronic, electrostatic and mechanical copies, photocopies, recordings, magnetic media, etc.
